GRE写作如何用类比法来找论据

GRE写作如何用类比法来找论据?实用作文技巧实例讲解,快来看看吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

GRE写作如何用类比法来找论据?实用作文技巧实例讲解

GRE写作ISSUE作文怎么用类比?

ISSUE是立论文，也就是说，我们需要用理由或例子去支持自己的观点。在英语中有个单词叫comparable,直译的话是可比较的，其实它等同于similar(相似的)这个单词，因为在西方文化中，只有相似的东西才具有可比较性。因此相似性也就成为了整个类比关系的前提和基础。

个人认为，类比(Analogy)在上述提到的五种论据方法中是最有逻辑性的，使用得当可以省力又出彩地证明观点。它有点像中学时代所学的几何题，解题的关键不在论证的过程，而是添加一条辅助线。只要找到合适的辅助线，论证就是水到渠成的事了。当我们想论证一个抽象复杂的命题A——B时，我们可以选择一个具体形象并且不需要证明的——D来作为辅助线，然后就把原本复杂的A——B的论证过程替代为论述AB和CD之间的相似性就可以了。这里需要指出的是，所谓具体形象且不需要证明的CD其实指的就是事实或常识。所以类比关系建立的难点就在与选择合适的CD.我们来看个例子。

The Negro has callus growing on his soul and it’s getting harder and harder to hurt him there. That’s simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that’s too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later,if you don’t take the shoe off,a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

It’s the same with the Negro in America. That shoe—the white man’s system—has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it almost destroyed him. But it didn’t. And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him too,that callus is going to wear out that system.

很显然在这段文字中，作者想证明的是全文第二段的最后一句话：And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him too,that callus is going to wear out that system。(现在黑人的灵魂中已经产生了老茧，除非白人的统治体系能调整以适合他们，否则老茧将使这个体系土崩瓦解。)简而言之，就是黑人终将冲破白人统治。

黑人反抗白人统治获得解放这无疑是个非常抽象复杂的命题。采用一般的例证法，学生们都不约而同能想马丁路德金。且不管例子雷同与否，事实上，很少有人能真正清楚又准确地写出马丁路德金的具体事迹来证明这个观点。甚至还有学生会想到曼德拉或奥巴马来证明，实在有失偏颇。

再来看上面这段文字。作者很巧妙地找了CD,即foot(nature)——shoe(put on by man)之间的关系。鞋子小了，脚穿着会疼，如果不及时脱掉或调整，脚上会产生老茧。如果鞋子继续对脚进行禁锢，那么总有一天，脚会把鞋子穿破。这是一个再平常不过的道理，不需要再花时间进行论证，括号里的就是AB和CD间的相似性，轻松论证了这个复杂的命题，这就是类比的魅力。

下面再给大家一段文字来体会类比的妙用。

“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make,independently,the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example,has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No. Only by way of an international effort,based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors,along with an appeal to self-interest,have we made some progress. By the same token,efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile,because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly,the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate,or all will ultimately suffer.

类比，这种说理手段对大家而言其实并不陌生。在中国古文中如《老子》，《庄子》等都很擅长把深刻的道理用显而易见的故事来讲述出来，比如刻舟求剑等。另一方面，在诗歌中也会采用大量类比或比喻的手段来把抽象的意境具体化地表现出来。这里选用几句Tagore(泰戈尔)飞鸟集中的句子来赏析一下希望能给大家些灵感：

Her wishful face haunts my dreams like the rain at night.她的热切的脸，如夜雨似的，搅扰着我的梦魂。

Woman， when you move about in your household service your limbs sing like a hill stream among its pebbles.(妇人，你在料理家务的时候，你的手足歌唱着，正如山间的溪水歌唱着在小石中流过。

The touch of the nameless days clings to my heart like mosses round the old tree.无名的日子的感触，攀缘在我的心上，正象那绿色的苔藓，攀缘在老树的周身。

GRE写作ARGUMENT如何运用类比思维?

我们知道Argument是驳论性文章，也就是找一段文字中的错误，进行有理有据的驳斥。Argument比issue容易些，因为错误的类别其实很固定的，俗称“七宗罪”。在这七宗罪中就有三宗是跟类比有关系的，分别是：misapplied generalization(概括误用，即以大推小);hasty generalization(匆忙概括，即以小推大);faulty analogy(错误类比)。不管是哪一种错误，只要是跟类比扯上关系，在驳斥时，我们都可以把它简化成一件事——找相异性。因为对于类比关系而言，它成立的前提和基础就是相似性，所以只要找到所比较两者间的相异性，那么再有逻辑的推理也是不成立的。我们举个很简单的例子来说明这个道理。如有这样一个观点：

你应该请在埃里克的派对中请的那支相同的乐队，因为他们很棒。

在进行驳斥时，千万不要花时间去论证埃里克所请的那支乐队是否很棒，这不是问题的关键。关键是找到两个派对的相异性，只要能证明这两个派对没有可比性，那么无论那支乐队棒或不棒，都不该请。我们可以从派对参与人数(比如你的派对1000人，埃里克只有10人)，派对参与对象(你的派对全是年轻人，埃的派对平均年龄88)，派对场所(你的派对在户外大广场，埃的在室内)等等方面提出假设，进行驳斥。

GRE作文优秀范例

"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."

Sample Essay

Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of "synergy", where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.

Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic "Type A" personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.

Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole "sum" but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

GRE写作Issue题目分析与提纲

"It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."

Transformation: change

真正具有长远意义的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鲜有报道的社会变化。

Agree

1. The headline-making “sensational” political events are often superficial and short-lived.

2. The commercial interests of the mass media determine their preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events.

3. Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard to notice at their beginning.

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198. "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."

Conformity: agreement

社会应该多一些鼓励个人间的差异而不是统一。

There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities.

1. Conformity leads to the death of creativity.

2. A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people.

3. “Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called.” (John Stuart Mill)

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203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."

了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。

1. First consider the sports hero, whom in my observation society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic prowess.

2. Next consider the military hero, who gains heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat and emerging victorious.

3. On the other hand, consider a third type of hero: the champion of social causes who inspires and incites society to meaningful political and social change.

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220. "The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."

知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。

Overspecialization in the academic world is liable to exert negative impacts on academic research in various fields, which makes it necessary for education to encourage interdisciplinary studies.

1. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest developments in all academic fields.

2. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on their own area of study.

3. However, this overspecialization is harmful not only academically but also socially.

4. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also generalists.

少数和多数的关系之专业化

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242. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."

社会应该以不计人类的努力、时间和金钱为代价，尝试挽救每一个动植物物种。

There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs.

1. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.

2. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.

3. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job.

人类和物种

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244. "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."

大多数社会都没把最伟大的思想家当回事，虽然有时候这些社会自称是求才若渴的。

Great thinkers are often wronged or ignored in many societies.

1. Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people pay much attention to what he actually said.

2. John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him.

3. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to death.

社会和思想家

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