托福阅读解析,阅读备考要点及备考步骤解析,今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读解析之阅读备考要点及备考步骤解析,希望能够帮助到大家,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读解析丨阅读备考要点及备考步骤解析
一.托福阅读备考中的要点有哪些
1.题型
考生在考托福之前,考生也就必须要对托福阅读考试时的题型和解题技巧有所了解,托福阅读是有10种题型的,除了小结题以外,其他题都是考查细节的题目,对于文章的细节内容的题目,一般来说,考生在考阅读的时候,时间基本都是不够用的,来不及做题也是比较常见的问题,在练习的时候得要练习自己的速度,尽量做到20分钟阅读完文章以及答题。
2.知识面
托福阅读的文章类型有很多,各行各业,各个方面,而对于相对陌生的文章,阅读起来就会很困难,看懂几句话肯定是不行的,在练习的时候,最好要多从各种方面的文章入手,来进行练习,这样就能从不同的角度,增加自己的词汇量了,词汇量多了,就能看懂,听懂了。考生如何把握主旨题?主旨题与细节无关,考查的是我们把握全文结构的能力。做题之前需要浏览文章的标题及每段首句,尤其是总分结构的文章。文章的每段会对应出2-3道题,那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在,从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以备考的时候做题少不了,但还要多加注意如何练习快速阅读的能力。
3. 解题思路
托福阅读的确要多做题,因为备考本身就没有什么捷径可以走,但是提升练习量并不意味着盲目的题海战术。考生需要明确自己想要达成的目标并在此基础上增加练习量才能起到效果。比如如果是想要训练某个题型的应对能力,那么增加的练习量就应该都是以做这个题型的题目为主,而假如想要提升阅读速度,那么做的练习自然也应该尽量挑选篇幅较长的文章来进行练习。这样提升练习量才能更有针对性更能实现自己的目标。
二.托福阅读备考步骤
托福阅读备考步骤一
如果新托福阅读基础一般的考生想要参加托福考试,最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在,重要的是能够持之以恒,每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为托福考生们在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词,可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到,但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。一定要看ETS 的托福官方指南(OG),通过这本书,你可以知道托福都要考什么,题型都有哪些,是如何考的。在开始备考之前,一定要把这一点弄清楚。明白了 ETS 对你的要求,你才知道更好地给自己制定托福分数目标。
托福阅读备考步骤二
单词,掌握语法知识。一旦开始背诵单词,务必要做到音、形、义三者的紧密联系,只有视觉词汇的认知是不足够的,还要有发音的听觉刺激才行,这样才能避免在练习听力时无法对实际上已经熟知的单词有效地辨音,导致部分同学会再一次花费大量时间去专门记忆单词发音。托福阅读考生们要从理解文章的结构开始理解托福阅读文章。我们要明白,托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章,基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法,我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章,就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
托福阅读备考步骤三
积累背景知识对托福阅读考生们来说相当的重要,因此在做新托福阅读的题目的同时也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物,原版杂志。譬如国家地理,自然,这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识,同时也可以补充考生们在词汇量上的不足。
托福阅读备考步骤四
新托福阅读考生们在新托福阅读考试复习的最后阶段做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。
托福阅读背景材料之如何经营品牌声誉
In February, Google found itself in an unusual position: out of step with its customers. When the company launched Buzz, its social networking service, it faced a barrage of criticism from users who objected to the way it had automatically enrolled users of Gmail, its e-mail service, into the new offering. Their gripe was that it would make their private contacts public. Google was stung by the uproar but put it down to a mistake made in good faith and quickly made Buzz optional.
2月,谷歌(Google)发现自己陷入了一个不同寻常的境地:与客户步调不合。公司推出社交网络服务Buzz时,遭到用户的猛烈批评,他们反对谷歌将电子邮件Gmail的用户自动注册为新服务的用户,抱怨这会公开自己的私密联系人。这场骚乱对谷歌造成了打击,但公司将此归为无心之失,并迅速把Buzz变成可选服务。
For a company that ranked second in a recent survey by Fortune magazine of the world's most admired companies, getting it so wrong with users was uncomfortable. It also begged the question of how a company known for being so intuitively connected to consumers could get it so wrong.
在《财富》(Fortune)杂志近期的世界最受尊敬公司调查中,谷歌排名第二。对这样一家公司来说,对用户的了解错到如此地步是令人不安的。这也提出了一个问题:一家以与消费者心有灵犀而出名的公司怎么会犯错呢?
Google had established its reputation on the back of the functionality and ease of use of its search engine, a stream of popular innovations and a declared commitment to free access to information and the democratisation of the internet. Estimates vary wildly, but in 2009 one research agency, Millward Brown Optimor, valued the Google brand at $100bn.
谷歌的声誉依赖于搜索引擎的功能性和易用性、接连不断广受欢迎的创新、以及对自由获取信息和网络民主化的公开推崇。市场对谷歌品牌价值的估算相去甚远,但2009年,研究机构Millward Brown Optimor对它的估值为1000亿美元。
But, even before the furore over Buzz, there were signs of cracks in the edifice. Google's reputation took a beating over its decision to enter the Chinese market, where it initially agreed to government demands to censor search results, only to recant and redirect users to a non-censored site in January based in Hong Kong. Observers wondered if the decision to enter China in the first place had compromised Google's founding values, summed up in its unofficial motto: "Don't be evil."
然而,甚至在Buzz事件引发众怒之前,谷歌大厦便已出现了裂痕。进军中国市场的决定给谷歌的声誉造成了冲击——谷歌最初接受了中国政府对搜索结果进行审查的要求,但在今年1月被迫放弃,并将用户重新链接至香港的站点(最近为了申请延长其在中国的ICP牌照,谷歌不再把中国内地用户自动转往其香港站点——编者注)。观察人士怀疑最初进军中国的决定是否损害了谷歌的创始价值观:用其非官方的座右铭总结就是“不做恶”。
Google, of course, is not the only brand to have seen its reputation suffer recently. The public image of Goldman Sachs, the investment bank, has suffered in the wake of the credit crunch with a famous article in Rolling Stone magazine describing the organisation as a "great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity". BPis widely perceived to have compounded the damage done to its image by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico through a poor public relations and crisis management strategy in its aftermath.
当然,谷歌不是最近声名受损的惟一品牌。信贷危机爆发后,投资银行高盛(Goldman Sachs)的公众形象也受到了损害,《滚石》(Rolling Stone)杂志上一篇著名的文章将该公司描述为“缠绕在人性面孔上的巨大吸血乌贼”。而外界广泛认为,英国石油(BP)事后不力的公共关系和危机管理战略,进一步加重了墨西哥湾原油泄漏事件对其形象的损害。
What affects reputations in turn affects brands. It is too soon to say how badly the Goldman Sachs and BP brands will be affected but it seems certain that they will be. And what all of these examples highlight is how hard it is to manage reputations.
影响声誉的事情反过来也会影响到品牌。要判断高盛和英国石油的品牌会受到多么严重的冲击,现在还为时过早,但冲击似乎已不可避免。这些例子都突显出管理声誉有多么困难。
Rohit Deshpandé, professor of marketing at Harvard Business School, says the pressures to grow mean that some businesses, and start-ups in particular, forget to adapt their strategies as they become bigger. "When you are growing, your focus is on growing rapidly and you tend to be opportunistic about growth," he says. "You are not thinking about the vision and strategy. You are doing everything, so you have no time to sit back and think about things."
哈佛商学院(HBS)营销学教授罗希特•德什潘德(Rohit Deshpandé)表示,增长的压力会让部分企业(尤其是初创企业)在发展壮大时忘记调整自己的战略。“在发展阶段,你的关注重点是迅速成长,对于发展往往抱着机会主义心态,”他说。“你没有考虑到愿景和战略。你什么事都要做,所以没有时间坐下来想事情。”
In other cases, companies lose sight of the core values that define their brand. "Brands are attitudes and perceptions in customers' minds," says Patrick Barwise, a professor of marketing at London Business School and chairman of Which?, the consumer organisation. Successful reputations, he says, are built on customer experience. Those companies that have built strong global brands, such as Apple and Procter & Gamble, have done so by first creating a strong customer promise and then delivering on that promise consistently.
在其他一些案例中,企业忘记了诠释其品牌的核心价值观。“品牌就是顾客心目中的态度和认知,”伦敦商学院(LBS)营销学教授、消费者组织Which的主席帕特里克•巴韦斯(Patrick Barwise)表示。他说,成功的声誉建立在顾客的体验上。打造了知名国际品牌的公司,如苹果(Apple)和宝洁(P&G),都是先对顾客做出强有力的承诺,接着不间断地履行这个承诺,才取得成功。
Other companies start out well and then lose their way. Café chain Starbucks was a very powerful and successful brand in North America, in part because it became very good at delivering what customers wanted. But somewhere along the way, says Prof Deshpandé, hubris set in. "It was so focused on growth by opening new stores that it lost touch with its core customers," he says. As a result in some markets, such as the UK, Starbucks has seen its image and reputation decline.
还有一些企业开头不错,但后来迷失了方向。连锁咖啡店星巴克(Starbucks)曾是北美地区一个非常强大和成功的品牌,部分原因就在于它非常善于满足客户需求。但在发展过程中,德什潘德表示,傲慢不知不觉地滋生了。“它过于重视发展壮大,不断开设新店,以至于失去了与核心顾客的联系,”他表示。结果在英国等部分市场,星巴克的形象和声誉都直线下落。
Prof Deshpandé adds that most companies make a big mistake by relegating brand management issues to the marketing department.
德什潘德补充表示,大多数公司都犯了个大错:把品牌管理事务托付给了营销部门。
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Martin Roll, chief executive of brand consultancy VentureRepublic, agrees. Many companies, he says, think of brands only in terms of advertising and positioning. "Most companies do not put brands at the heart of their strategy," he says.
品牌咨询公司VentureRepublic首席执行官马丁•罗尔(Martin Roll)对此表示赞同。他说,许多公司只是从广告和定位的角度去考虑品牌。“大多数公司没有把品牌作为战略的核心。”
Another challenge for companies is how to manage their reputations as their operations become more global. It was easier for Google, for example, to adhere to its motto when it operated in open markets such as the US and western Europe but in a more controlled economy, such as China, this proved more tricky.
企业面临的另一个挑战是,在业务进一步全球化之时,如何管理品牌声誉。例如,当谷歌在美国和西欧等开放市场里经营时,要坚守自己的信条会比较容易,但在中国这样管控更加严格的经济体,问题就会更加棘手。
A similar difficulty is faced by Asian companies as they try to grow outside their home markets. The Tata group, for example, is India's biggest and most valuable brand but the country's own brand image is weak in the west. Apart from IT services, India is considered by many to be a source of low-cost, low-quality goods and services. How can Tata transcend that image? One option is to follow the example of Sony and create a global brand that is not country-specific.
当亚洲企业试图在本土市场以外发展时,也面临类似的难题。比如,塔塔集团(Tata)是印度最大、最有价值的品牌,但在西方,这个国家自身的品牌形象很弱。除了IT服务之外,许多人都将印度视为廉价低质商品和服务的来源。塔塔如何才能超越这种形象?选择之一是效仿索尼(Sony),打造一个没有国别色彩的全球化品牌。
托福阅读和SAT阅读的对比
1.文章篇幅
托福阅读共三篇文章(加试除外),每篇字数在700字左右,而SAT阅读共有四篇短阅读和五篇长阅读,其中分别有一组短对比文章和一组长对比文章。短文章100-150字,而长阅读字数在600-800之间。因此从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。而文章篇幅上,托福阅读没有短阅读。
2.文章题材
托福阅读和SAT阅读题材都很广泛,涉及自然科学和人文社科等。但是,它们的文章角度略有不同。通常在托福阅读中,作者的态度较为客观,只是陈述一些事实,涉及观点也多数为某些学者的观点。而在SAT阅读中则不然,SAT阅读中的议论文中的论证更明显。作者会针对某件事情提出自己的观点,然后加以论证。如果涉及其他人的观点,作者也会有倾向性的支持或者反对。此外,SAT阅读还涉及一些文学作品,这是另外一个很大的不同。这些文学作品多数为小说,有自传体的回忆录,也有以人物为中心的故事。因此,SAT阅读比托福阅读更富有人文主义色彩。
3.题目数量
托福阅读部分共39-40题,而SAT阅读是48题。托福阅读的考试时间是60分钟,而SAT的48题和填空部分的19题一起在70分钟内完成。因此,文章多、题目多、时间紧,SAT较托福考试对考生的阅读和做题效率要求更高。
4.题型设置
托福考试涉及以下十大题型:细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、简化句子题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题、完成图表题。SAT阅读也是十大题型:主旨题、作用题、修辞题、态度题、词汇题、互联题、求同题、求异题、推理题和假设题。
题型设置略有不同,托福阅读侧重对文章内容的理解,而SAT阅读考查考生对作者写作手法的理解。
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